CLA skills table

Term	Explanation	Examples
Deletion	Omitting the final consonant in words	Do (g)
Substitution	Substituting one sound for another	‘pip’ for ‘ship’
Addition	Adding an extra vowel sound to the ends of words, creating a CVCV pattern	E.g. doggie
Assimilation	Changing one consonant or vowel for another	‘gog’ for ‘dog’
Reduplication	Repeating a whole syllable	Dada, mama
Consonant cluster reduction	Consonant clusters can be difficult to articulate, so children reduce them to smaller units	‘pider’ for ‘spider’
Deletion of unstressed syllables	Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words	‘nana for banana’

Rate of lexical development

Age	Number of words
12 months	50
24 months	200
36 months	2,000

Types of overextension

Type	Definition	Example	% of overextension
Categorical overextension	The name for one member of a category is extended to all members of the category.	Apple used for all round fruits.	60%
Analogical overextension	A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional connection.	Ball used for a round fruit	15%
Mismatch statements	One word sentences that appear quite abstract; child makes a statement about one object in relation to another.	Saying ‘duck’ when looking at an empty pond.	25%

Atchison’s stages of children’s linguistic development

Number	Stage	Description
1	Labelling	Linking words to the objects to which they refer understanding that things can be labelled.
2	Packaging	Exploring the labels and to what they can apply over/under extension occurs in order to eventually understand the range of words meaning.
3	Net-work building	Making connections between words, understanding similarities and opposites in meaning.

 Piaget’s stages of children’s linguistic development

Stage	Age	Key elements
Sensorimotor	Up to 2 years	The child experiences the physical world through the senses and begins classifying the things in it; lexical choices, when they appear, tend to concentrate rather than abstract.
Pre- operational	2-7	Language motor skills develop and become more competent. Language is egocentric- either focused on the child or used by the child when no one else is around.
Concrete operational	7-11	Children begin thinking logically about concrete events.
Formal operational	11+	Abstract reasoning skills develop.

Stages of children’s grammatical development

Stage	Descriptions	Grammatical constructions	Age (months)
One word/ holophrastic	One- word utterance		12-18
Two- word	Two words combined to create simple syntactical structures.	Subject verb Verb+ object	18-24
Telegraphic	Three or more words joined in increasingly complex and accurate orders	Subject+verb+object Subject+verb+complement Subject+verb+adverbial	24-36
Post- telegraphic	Increasing awareness of grammatical rules and irregularities.	Instead of saying ‘runned’ using ‘ran’	36+